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Business English Exercises
 

Science and marketing (3)

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Home > Teaching Business English > Business English Lessons, Advanced Level # 217
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To a varying degree the convention and the practice of science transmission has been motivated by aims of promoting and providing support for individual scientists, or by straightforward marketing aims — mirroring the fact that the attitude of science towards the marketplace always was one of ambivalence.

Correct answer: (d) ambivalence

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In the 1940s, Robert K. Merton, the American sociologist, described the values of science in this way: "Four sets of institutional imperatives — universalism, communism, disinterestedness, organized scepticism — comprise the ethos of modern science."

Correct answer: (d) ethos

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By 'communism' he meant that scientific knowledge was regarded as common property.

Correct answer: (c) property

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He remarked that "the institutional conception of science as part of the public domain is linked with the imperative for communication of findings; secrecy is the antithesis of this norm; full and open communication its enactment."

Correct answer: (d) antithesis

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Thus, clashes between ideals about knowledge as a common good on the one hand and knowledge as an instrument and as the private property of vested interests on the other hand is not a new phenomenon.

Correct answer: (d) vested

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The case can, indeed, be made that modern science was born with a schism of being connected to and alienated from the market-place at the same time.

Correct answer: (c) schism

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H. Butterfield refers to the end of the 17th century when stating: "The passion to extend the scientific method to every branch of thought was at least equalled by the passion to make science serve the cause of industry and agriculture, and it was accompanied by a sort of technological fervour".

Correct answer: (b) cause

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Francis Bacon always laid stress on the immense utilitarian possibilities of science, and it is difficult to separate the interest shown in pure scientific truth from the curiosity in respect of useful inventions on the one part, or the inclination to dabble in fables and freakishness on the other.

Correct answer: (a) dabble

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A tentative conclusion from this brief discussion would be that ambiguity towards marketing is inherent to the convention of science transmission in the same way as ambiguity towards the marketplace is inherent to science.

Correct answer: (a) tentative

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The convention is a product of ideals about knowledge as a common good, but it encompasses, at the same time, the complicated relationship between science and private interests in the marketplace; it was, so to speak, born and bred with frustrations regarding the issue of public and private interests in relation to knowledge.

Correct answer: (b) born and bred

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