function as noun: to-infinitive vs. gerund

[Sweetpumpkin]

Hi,

I need explanation why the answer for the below blank is (c).

_____________ oil from the north to the south has been recommended as a way of easing the present energy shortage.

(a) Pump
(b) To pump
(c) Pumping
(d) Having pumped

As far as I know, to-infinitive can be used as a noun. It could be a subject and an objective. What do you think? Why is (c) the answer?

Thanks,
sweetpumpkin

[Alan]

Hi SP,

The choice of 'pumping' is suitable here because we are referring to the action that will continue. 'To pump' doesn't really fit here because it suggests that this is a new action.

Alan
_________________
English as a Second Language
You can read my ESL story Present Simple

[Mister Micawber]

It can be, but it is usually quite awkward as a subject, and its meaning is of direct hypothesis or futurity, which is usually not what the writer wishes to emphasize.
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Native English teacher at Mister Micawber's

[Sweetpumpkin]

Thank you for the quick reply, Alan.

"Pumping" here is the action that has been continued and that will continue. Right? Thanks. I didn't know that. :)

[Mister Micawber]

It is not actually continuing here, SP, but the idea of the continued action is what is being indicated, not the futurity of it.
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Native English teacher at Mister Micawber's

[Babs Le Pro]

I REALLY DO NOT KNOW

[Mister Micawber]

You do not know what, Babs? If you could be more specific, maybe we can help.
_________________
Native English teacher at Mister Micawber's